1. Growing Medium: In hydroponic systems, plants are grown in a soilless medium that provides physical support while allowing roots to come into direct contact with nutrient-rich water. Common growing mediums include perlite, vermiculite, coconut coir, rockwool, or even just a nutrient solution without any solid medium.
2. Nutrient Solution: Instead of obtaining nutrients from soil, plants in hydroponic systems receive a balanced nutrient solution dissolved in water. This solution contains essential elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and trace minerals needed for plant growth. The nutrient solution is carefully monitored and adjusted to maintain optimal plant health.
3. Types of Hydroponic Systems:
   • Deep Water Culture (DWC): Plants are suspended in a nutrient solution with their roots submerged, often using a floating platform to support plants.
   • Nutrient Film Technique (NFT): Nutrient solution flows through narrow channels, allowing plant roots to absorb nutrients and oxygen from a thin film of continuously flowing water.
   • Drip System: Nutrient solution is dripped directly onto plant roots from above.
   • Aeroponics: Plant roots are suspended in air and periodically misted with a nutrient solution.
4. Benefits of Hydroponics:
   • Water Efficiency: Hydroponic systems use significantly less water compared to traditional soil-based agriculture since water is recirculated and there is no water loss due to soil absorption.
   • Optimized Nutrient Delivery: Plants have direct access to nutrients, resulting in faster growth rates and higher yields.
   • Space Efficiency: Hydroponic systems can be set up vertically or in confined spaces, making them suitable for urban farming and indoor gardening.
   • Reduced Environmental Impact: Hydroponics can reduce the need for pesticides and fertilizers, minimizing nutrient runoff and soil erosion.
   • Year-Round Production: Hydroponic systems can operate indoors or in controlled environments, allowing for year-round crop production regardless of seasonal variations.
5. Suitable Crops: Hydroponics can be used to grow a wide variety of crops, including leafy greens (lettuce, spinach, kale), herbs (basil, cilantro), tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, strawberries, and even some fruit trees.

Hydroponics offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional agriculture, particularly in regions with limited arable land or challenging growing conditions. It continues to be a focal point of innovation and research, driving advancements in urban agriculture, vertical farming, and controlled environment agriculture.